Deciding how to invest

All investments have different levels of investment risk. Property and shares are generally higher risk than bonds and cash for example.

Higher risk investments have a lot more ups and downs so you’d expect your returns to rise and fall more frequently and in larger amounts. It’s hard to predict how they’ll perform, but if you’re investing for at least 10 years you should end up with a larger amount than if you’d taken less risk.

Lower risk investments have fewer ups and downs over time. But if you invest in lower risk products it’s possible your money won’t grow as fast as inflation. This means your money could be worth less when you eventually spend it.

As well as volatility, general investment risks include

1. Interest rate risk: when interest rates rise after you lock in your money, meaning you don't earn as much on your money as you would have if you'd invested at the higher rate.
2. Liquidity risk: there might not be buyers interested in your investment when you want to sell.
3. Credit risk: the organisation may not be able to repay its debts, and you might lose your money.
4. Economic risk: the economy may or may not be doing well, which could affect the value of your investment.
5. Industry risk: risks affecting a particular industry, like shortages of raw materials or changes in consumer preferences.
6. Currency risk: your investment is affected by changes in the value of the New Zealand dollar.
7. Inflation risk: your investment doesn't earn enough to keep up with inflation.

Our ways to invest pages explain how to manage the risks associated with specific types of investments.

Taking on risk is what you’re getting paid for, through investment returns. When you take on more risk, you should get paid more in return.

Risk is only bad if

• you’ve accepted too much or too little for your investment goal; and/or
• you’re not being paid enough in return to compensate you for the risk you’ve accepted.

Understanding your investing goals, your attitudes to risk, and then protecting yourself by having more than one type of investment can all help you manage risk.

• Your goal is a large sum
• You need to achieve your goal in less than 10 years
• You don’t have much money to start with and/or you don’t plan to contribute regularly.

1. Interest paid when you invest in fixed interest investments such as bonds or cash deposits. You usually know how much you’re going to be paid and for how long.
2. Dividends paid when you invest in a company’s shares. The amount you’ll be paid will depend on how well the company has performed and the type of shares you own. 
3. Capital gain made when you sell an investment for more than you paid for it. 

Our ways to invest pages explain the benchmarks that are associated with specific types of investments. If an investment typically performs well in excess of its benchmark, it could be a sign there is a higher level of risk.

Our ways to invest pages explain the fees associated with specific types of investments.

If you’re using a financial adviser or broker, they may also charge you a fee for their services. See paying for advice.

The example below shows the difference fees can make to total return – the investment with lower fees delivers a return that’s $1,794 higher than the more expensive option.

Only pay higher fees if you’re confident you’ll be persistently rewarded with returns high enough to make it more financially worthwhile than an investment with lower fees.

For example, if you were confident that by paying the higher 1.25% fee, you’d make a 7% return on your $10,000 investment, it would be worthwhile. This is because your return after fees would be higher than if you’d paid lower fees and achieved a 6% return.

• Fees are usually shown in percentages.
• Small percentage differences can mask how much impact fees have in actual dollar terms.
• Use an online calculator, or ask your provider to help you work out your potential net returns in dollars.